Help:IPA/Spanish
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Template:IPA key The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Spanish language pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-es}}, {{IPAc-es}} and Lua error: Cannot create process: proc_open(/home4/iltornan/lua/error.log): Failed to open stream: No such file or directory.
In general, Castilian Spanish is used in IPA transcriptions except for some words with Template:IPAslink and Template:IPAslink:
- For terms that are more relevant to regions that have undergone yeísmo (where words such as haya and halla are pronounced the same), words spelled with Template:Angle bracket can be transcribed with [ʝ].
- For terms that are more relevant to regions with seseo (where words such as caza and casa are pronounced the same), words spelled with Template:Angle bracket or Template:Angle bracket (the latter only before Template:Angle bracket or Template:Angle bracket) can be transcribed with [s].
In all other cases, if a local pronunciation is made, it should be labeled as "local" (for example, {{IPA-es|...|local}}.
See Spanish phonology for a more thorough discussion of the sounds of Spanish, and Spanish dialects and varieties for regional variation.
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Notes
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 /b, d, ɡ, ʝ/ are pronounced as fricatives or approximants [β, ð, ɣ, ʝ] in all places except after a pause, /n/, or /m/, or, in the case of /d/ and /ʝ/, after /l/. In the latter environments, they are stops [b, d, ɡ, ɟʝ] like English b, d, g, j but are fully voiced in all positions, unlike in English. When it is distinct from /ʝ/, /ʎ/ is realized as an approximant [ʎ] in all positions Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Most speakers no longer distinguish /ʎ/ from /ʝ/; the actual realization depends on dialect, however. See yeísmo and Template:Harvcoltxt for more information.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 Nasals always assimilate their place of articulation to that of the following consonant. Before velar consonants they are Template:IPAblink, and before labial consonants they are Template:IPAblink; the labiodental Template:IPAblink appears before /f/.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 The rhotic consonants Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink contrast only word-medially between vowels, where they are usually spelled Template:Angle bracket and Template:Angle bracket, respectively. Otherwise, they are in complementary distribution: Word-initially, stem-initially, and after /l, n, s/, only [r] is found; before a consonant or pause, the two are interchangeable but [ɾ] is more common (hence so represented here); elsewhere, only [ɾ] is found. When two rhotics occur consecutively across a word or prefix boundary, they result in one long trill, which may be transcribed as [ɾr]: dar rocas [daɾ ˈrokas], super-rápido [supeɾˈrapiðo] Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Northern and Central Spain distinguish between Template:Angbr (Template:IPAslink) and soft Template:Angbr or Template:Angbr (Template:IPAslink). Almost all other dialects treat the two as identical (which is called seseo) and pronounce them as Template:IPAslink. Contrary to yeísmo, seseo is not a phonemic merger but the outcome of a different evolution of sibilants in southern Spain in comparison with northern and central dialects. There is a small number of speakers, mostly in southern Spain, who pronounce the soft Template:Angbr, Template:Angbr and even Template:Angbr as Template:IPAslink, a phenomenon called ceceo. See phonological history of Spanish coronal fricatives and Template:Harvcoltxt for more information.
- ↑ In much of Hispanic America and in the southern half of Spain, /s/ in syllable-final positions is either pronounced as Template:IPAblink or not pronounced at all. In transcriptions linked to this key, however, it is always represented by [s].
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 [v] and [z] are allophones of /f/ and /s/, respectively, found before voiced consonants.
- ↑ /x/ is pronounced as Template:IPAblink in many accents such as those in the Caribbean, Central America, Colombia, and Andalusia Template:Harvcol.
- ↑ The letter Template:Angbr represents /x/ only in certain proper names like Ximena and some placenames in current or former Mexico (Oaxaca, Texas).
- ↑ The letter Template:Angbr represents /x/ only in loanwords; in native words, it is always silent.
- ↑ /ʃ/ is used only in loanwords and certain proper nouns. It is nonexistent in many dialects, being realized as Template:IPAblink or Template:IPAblink; e.g. show [tʃou]~[sou].
- ↑ The semivowels Template:IPAblink and Template:IPAblink can be combined with vowels to form rising diphthongs (e.g. cielo, cuatro). Falling diphthongs (e.g. aire, rey, auto) are transcribed with [i] and [u].
- ↑ Some speakers may pronounce word-initial [w] with an epenthetic [ɡ]; e.g. Huila [ˈɡwila]~[ˈwila].
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References
External links
- Spanish Phonetic Transcription Converter—Free Online Tool to convert Spanish Text to IPA Phonetic Transcription